京津冀地区一次浮尘过程的车载激光雷达走航观测

利用双波长三通道激光雷达与车载激光雷达,针对2018年3月28日京津冀区域的浮尘天气过程,分别进行了定点垂直观测与车载走航观测,对这次浮尘天气中沙尘的源地、沙尘气溶胶的时空分布、沙尘的传输路径与传输方式进行了综合分析。位于北京的激光雷达监测到28日凌晨开始,沙尘气溶胶与近地面污染物混合,受沙尘影响近地面污染物浓度迅速升高。北京到沧州的车载激光雷达走航观测结果显示,沙尘气溶胶先向南传输到京津冀南部区域,随后向西南方向传输,同时观测到京津冀区域上空1. 5 km左右存在沙尘传输带。结果表明,使用车载激光雷达走航观测,结合定点垂直激光雷达与其他地面监测数据,能可靠地观测到沙尘过程中颗粒物的时空变化特征。     

激光雷达在湖北大气环境监测中的应用

介绍了激光雷达通过垂直扫描、水平扫描和车载走航等方法在湖北大气环境监测中的应用实例。利用地基激光雷达并结合星载激光雷达监测一次沙尘传输过程，沙尘传输高度为500~4 000 m之间，且出现3次尘降，地面PM₁₀出现3次峰值。利用激光雷达探测大气边界层高度，颗粒物浓度受边界层高度影响，当边界层高度降到500 m以下时，PM_2.5浓度达到120 μg/m³，边界层高度上升到1 500 m以上时，PM_2.5浓度降到30 μg/m³以下。利用激光雷达水平扫描技术，对襄阳市高新区污染物的影响进行溯源，监测得出颗粒物浓度上升的主要原因为地面扬尘。利用激光雷达车载走航监测技术，监测黄冈市颗粒物空间分布特征，在不同区域监测到2处污染扩散带，分别位于工业区与生活区。     

广州旱季双高污染及消光系数垂直分布特征

利用2017年12月6日～2018年1月3日地面常规气象资料、空气质量6参数、光化辐射资料、气溶胶吸收和散射系数、单次散射反照率、激光雷达反演的气溶胶消光系数与退偏比数据,分析广州地区气象参数变化对污染物浓度的影响和气溶胶对光化辐射的衰减,研究双高(高气溶胶与高O3)污染的形成机理,并从垂直角度探究了双高日边界层内消光...     

京津冀一次空气重污染过程激光雷达走航观测分析

针对2016年国庆期间一次污染消散过程,开展了激光雷达定点与走航观测,并综合运用中国环境监测总站国家预报平台数值模型预报结果和国控站点PM_(2.5)监测数据,对污染团的移动和分布进行了分析。结果表明,雷达定点观测的消光系数突变,主要由北京西部累积污染团在夜间弱西北气流作用下的回流所引起。受此西北气流影响移出北京的污染气团在天津至沧州一带滞留。北京至保定沿线颗粒物污染消散现象,被雷达走航观测所捕捉。     

Study of Asian Dust Phenomena in 2001–2003 Using A Network of Continuously Operated Polarization Lidars

We have conducted dust observations at a number of locations including Beijing, Hefei, Suwon, Fukue, Nagasaki, Tsukuba, and Sapporo using automated two-wavelength polarization lidars o study Asian dust phenomena, including generation, transport, and change during transport. We developed a method using the depolarization ratio for estimating the contributions of Asian dust and spherical air-pollution aerosols in observed aerosol mixtures. We analyzed the dust profiles statistically to derive climatological characteristics and year-on-year variations. We also studied dust source and transport path for each dust event using the regional chemical transport model CFORS. The statistical analysis clearly demonstrated the year-on-year variation of dust phenomena and the characteristics depending on the locations of the observational sites. Most major dust events in 2001 and 2002 originated in Inner Mongolia and/or Mongolia at the southern edge of a low-pressure area located in Siberia and were transported by strong westerlies. In 2003, the typical meteorological pattern for heavy dust cases accompanying a strong low in Siberia was not seen, except for one case in April. Furthermore, the lidar observation in Beijing suggests that less dust was generated in the source regions in Inner Mongolia and/or Mongolia, probably due to higher precipitation in 2003.     

Drainage Impacts on Surficial Water Retention Capacity of a Prairie Pothole Watershed

Wetland restoration has been proposed as a tool to mitigate excess runoff and associated nonpoint source pollution in the Upper Midwestern United States. This study quantified the surficial water retention capacity of existing and drained wetlands for the Greater Blue Earth River Basin (GBERB), an intensively drained agricultural watershed. Using airborne light detection and ranging, the historic depressional storage was determined to be 152 mm. Individual depression analysis suggested that the restoration of most drained areas would have little impact on the storage capacity of the GBERB because the majority (53%) of retention capacity was in large depressions (>40 ha) which comprised only a small proportion (<1.0) of the observed depressions. Accounting for change in storage and the difference in annual evapotranspiration (ET) between wetlands and the croplands that replaced them, restoration of all depressions in the Minnesota portion of GBERB would provide a maximum of 131 mm additional capacity over and above the modern day capacity (193 mm; 56 mm depressional storage; 60 mm wetland ET; and 77 mm cropland ET). Considering that depressional depths in smaller areas are within the range of uncertainty of the lidar digital elevation models and larger depressions have the most storage, we conclude that efforts to increase the surficial water‐holding capacity of the GBERB would be best served in the restoration of large (>40 ha) depressions.     

Application of ground-based Lidar for studies of the dynamics of ozone in a mountainous basin

A ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar was employed to study the dynamics of atmospheric O3 within the planetary boundary layer of a basin in the 'Fichtelgebirge' mountains, NE Bavaria. In particular, the night-time dynamics of O3 linked to the ground were investigated. The Lidar system measured vertical profiles of O3 up to 1 km above ground. For detailed analysis of the night-time dynamics of ozone, supplementary data from three ground-based stations (measuring mixing ratios of O3 and NO(x), as well as meteorological parameters) are essential. The Lidar results could be evaluated with these data from various altitudes above the basin floor. For the station with the largest (vertical) distance to the ground-based Lidar, the agreement was very good at all times. The Lidar method proved to be useful for examining the spatial distribution of O3. The observed night-time decrease of O3 at the bottom of the basin was due to deposition and to advection of air masses containing less O3 from the mountain slopes.     

佛山春季两次典型臭氧污染过程分析

近地层臭氧污染与气象条件密切相关,为了解珠三角地区春季臭氧（O₃）污染的气象成因,选取了2020年4月9日和28日佛山地区春季两次典型O₃污染过程进行对比分析.结果表明：（1）小风、低湿和高温是造成佛山春季O₃污染发生的气象成因.（2）两次过程各站点O₃峰值浓度大致出现在16:00—18:00,较年均统计偏晚1 h左右,最高气温明显低于夏、秋季;大多数站点日变化以单峰型为主,部分站点受局地风场和城市下风向传输影响呈现“倒U型”和“双峰型”.（3）垂直探测分析表明,4月9日O₃污染过程主要由局地反应生成,垂直方向下沉气流主导,污染主要积聚在1000 m以下的近地面层;28日受局地生成和垂直交换作用影响,O₃污染自下而上扩展,且早间残留层下传影响显著.（4）与长距离和高层输送相比,短途和低层传输对局地O₃污染发生的作用更为明显（输送频率可达60%以上）.春季佛山地区O₃污染的主要传输源为珠三角东部和南部地区,污染防控...     

广州地区典型灰霾过程及不同天气类型下边界层高度研究

利用2013年9月—2014年11月广州地区激光雷达观测结果,使用小波分析反演边界层高度(PBLH),通过归一化后向散射信号(NRB)的小波分解对小波分析中直接影响PBLH识别的尺度因子a进行了选取.并以2014年1月发生的一次灰霾过程为例,对灰霾过程的PBLH等边界层特征进行了分析,并对边界层垂直结构进行了初步探究.同时,利用自组织映射神经网络(SOM)进行了天气分型,对整个观测时段激光雷达反演的PBLH与天气型之间的关系进行了统计.结果表明,通过对NRB廓线的小波分解,小波分析尺度因子a取300较为合适.灰霾过程中PBLH均存在日变化.从平均结果来看,PBLH最高值出现在13:00,为850 m;最低值出现在5:00,为483 m.灰霾过程PBLH与PM_(2.5)之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.62,p0.01),风速与PM_(2.5)之间也呈显著负相关(r=-0.39,p0.01).对流边界层平均高度约为稳定边界层的1.5倍,峰值高度约为稳定边界层的3倍.低压天气系统控制下灰霾天气出现的概率较低,对应的PBLH明显较高,峰值高度在1200～1600 m,日间边界层发展极为明显.而高压天气系统控制下边界层发展容易受到抑制,峰值高度均低于1000 m.     

GPS可降水量与大雾天气关系的初步分析

利用2007年12月成都地基GPS网络观测数据反演的大气可降水量和地面自动气象站网观测资料,分析了对成都市交通和环境造成严重影响的7次大雾天气过程。通过对有雾和无雾时GPS可降水量、地面空气比湿的合成分析,从雾区上空和近地层水汽变化分析了四川盆地辐射雾形成的原因,而GPS可降水量的日变化特征可为大雾天气的短时临近预警预报提供有价值的参考信息。